A Fair Exchange: The Reciprocal Relationship Between Universities and Clinical Placement Supervisors
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18552/ijpblhsc.v4i1.304Keywords:
belongingness, connectedness, placement, reciprocity, supervisionAbstract
Clinical psychology training in the UK relies heavily upon supervised clinical practice placements. Placement supervisors have a significant responsibility for providing trainees with the learning experiences required for qualification. The role is demanding and whilst the university benefits greatly, it is less clear what supervisors receive in return. This is important when one considers how positive relationships and social action are influenced by reciprocity and a sense of belongingness. Despite its importance, no research has directly explored the relationship between supervisors and the university in a clinical psychology training context. This novel study sought to explore how supervisors perceive their role and their connectedness / belongingness to the university, and whether technology utilized by other areas of pedagogy led to improvements. Access to electronic resources was sent to clinical placement supervisors (n=100). A subset of these (n=7) signed up to complete a semi-structured interview. The interviews were analysed using template analysis. Common themes emerged, including perceived benefits of the supervisor role, such as feeling connected to the training course, despite significant challenges and demands. The provision of electronic resources was found to have the potential to enhance connectedness for all stakeholders. The implications of these findings are discussed.
References
Baumeister, R.F. and Leary, M.R. (1995) The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117 (3), 497–529 doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
Baumeister, R.F., Twenge, J.M., and Nuss, C.K. (2002) Effects of social exclusion on cognitive processes: Anticipated aloneness reduces intelligent thought. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83 (4), 817–827 doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.4.817
Bernard, J.M. and Goodyear, R.K. (1992) Fundamentals of Clinical Supervision. Boston: Allyn & Bacon
Braun, V. and Clarke, V. (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101 doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Brooks, J., McCluskey, S., Turley, E., and King, N. (2015) The utility of template analysis in qualitative psychology research. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 12 (2), 202–222 doi:10.1080/14780887.2014.955224
Cohen, D. and Crabtree, B. (2006) Qualitative Research Guidelines Project. [online] available from http://www.qualres.org/index.html
Dale, B., Leland, A., and Dale, J.G. (2013) What factors facilitate good learning experiences in clinical studies in nursing: Bachelor students’ perceptions. ISRN Nursing [online] Article 628679 available from http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/628679 [11 May 2016]
Drab-Hudson, D.L., Whisenhunt, B.L., Shoptaugh, C.F., Newman, M.C., Rost, A., and Fondren-Happel, R.N. (2012) Transforming introductory psychology: A systematic approach to course redesign. Psychology Learning & Teaching, 11 (2), 146–157 doi:10.2304/plat.2012.11.2.146
Falender, C.A. (2014) Supervision outcomes: Beginning the journey beyond the emperor’s new clothes. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 8(3), 143–148 doi: 10.1037/tep0000066
Falender, C.A., Cornish, J.A. E., Goodyear, R., Hatcher, R., Kaslow, N.J., Leventhal, G., Shafranske, E., Sigmon, S.T., Stoltenberg, C., and Grus, C. (2004) Defining competencies in psychology supervision: A consensus statement. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60 (7), 771–785 doi:10.1002/jclp.20013
Gouldner, A. W. (1960) The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25 (2), 161-178 doi:10.2307/2092623
King, N. (2012) Doing template analysis. in Qualitative Organizational Research: Core Methods and Current Challenges. ed by Symon, G. and Cassell, C. London: Sage, 426–450
Levett-Jones, T., Lathlean, J., Maguire, J., and McMillan, M. (2007) Belongingness: A critique of the concept and implications for nursing education. Nurse Education Today, 27 (3), 210–218 doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2006.05.001
Loganbill, C. and Hardy, E. (1983) Developing training programs for clinical supervisors. The Clinical Supervisor, 1 (3), 15–21 doi:10.1300/J001v01n03_03
Mack, N., Woodsong, C., MacQueen, K.M., Guest, G., and Namey, E. (2005) Qualitative Research Methods: A Data Collector’s Field Guide. Research Triangle Park, NC, USA: Family Health International
Maslow, A. H., Frager, R., Fadiman, J., McReynolds, C., and Cox, R. (1970). Motivation and personality (vol. 2). New York: Harper & Row New York.
Milne, D. (2010) Can we enhance the training of clinical supervisors? A national pilot study of an evidence-based approach. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 17 (4), 321–328 doi: 10.1002/cpp.657
Milne, D., Aylott, H., Fitzpatrick, H., and Ellis, M. V. (2008) How does clinical supervision work? Using a ‘best evidence synthesis’ approach to construct a basic model of supervision. The Clinical Supervisor, 27 (2), 170–190 doi:10.1080/07325220802487915
Milne, D. and Westerman, C. (2001) Evidence-based clinical supervision: Rationale and illustration. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 8 (6), 444–457 doi: 10.1002/cpp.297
Milne, D. L., Sheikh, A. I., Pattison, S., and Wilkinson, A. (2011) Evidence-based training for clinical supervisors: A systematic review of 11 controlled studies. The Clinical Supervisor, 30 (1), 53–71 doi:10.1080/07325223.2011.564955
Palomo, M., Beinart, H., and Cooper, M. J. (2010) Development and validation of the Supervisory Relationship Questionnaire (SRQ) in UK trainee clinical psychologists. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49 (2), 131–149 doi:10.1348/014466509X441033
Regan, D. T. (1971) Effects of a favor and liking on compliance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 7 (6), 627–639 doi:10.1016/0022-1031(71)90025-4
Steinert, Y., Mann, K., Centeno, A., Dolmans, D., Spencer, J., Gelula, M., and Prideaux, D. (2006) A systematic review of faculty development initiatives designed to improve teaching effectiveness in medical education: BEME Guide No. 8. Medical Teacher, 28 (6), 497–526 doi: 10.1080/01421590600902976
Wertz, F. J. (2005) Phenomenological research methods for counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52 (2), 167–177 doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.167
Wood, B. T., Bolner, O., and Gauthier, P. (2014) Student mental health self-disclosures in classrooms: Perceptions and implications. Psychology Learning & Teaching, 13 (2), 83–94 doi:10.2304/plat.2014.13.2.83
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons License "Attribution-NonCommercial No Derivs 4.0 International" (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) which permits others to use the publication as long as the authors are appropriately cited.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
- The Author grants to Coventry University an irrevocable, royalty-free, worldwide, non-exclusive licence to publish this article in this journal in addition to the licence granted at paragraph 1 of this copyright notice.